World health organization

1)  "Psychomotor development is of paramount importance in preventing problems of learning and re- education of tone, posture, directional age, laterality and rhythm." The education offered to a human being is to show the relationship through the movement of your own body, taking into account their age, body culture Psychomotor learning is demonstrated by physical skills such as movement, coordination, manipulation, dexterity, grace, strength, speed—actions which demonstrate the fine or gross motor skills, such as use of precision instruments or tools, and walking. 2)  

Improving Surgical Training

Proposal for a pilot surgical training programme  :   Current problems with 

surgical training

The current product of surgical training

The product of a UK training system should be equipped to undertake independent practice, 

in at least the generality of his or her specialty at the award of CCT. Although each surgical 

specialty currently sets out its requirements for the award of CCT.

improve surgical training we must try to address the problems outlined above. The expe-

rience of Modernising Medical Careers (MMC) suggests that a ‘big bang’ approach would be 

unwise, and that any changes should be piloted and evaluated. To this end, any pilot of a new 

system of surgical training should encompass the following principles:

1. Maximising training hours through a reduced service commitment 

» By reducing commitments to shift working there will be more time spent learning and being 

trained during daylight hours. This will be achieved by rota redesign and by greater use of 

the extended surgical team. 

2. ‘Professional’ trainers

» Those surgeons with the aptitude, skills and training should be supported to deliver 

high-quality training.

» This will require dedicated time in job plans for training together with trainers who have the 

aptitude, training and skills to deliver high-quality training (‘professional trainers’).

Trainers should continue to be developed, selected into specific roles and regularly ap-

praised for their educational practice.

» By enhancing the quality of trainers, we would envisage an enhanced trainer/trainee rela-

tionship with the return of what we would call a ‘modern’ apprenticeship.

» This will contribute to more robust assessment.

3. Refined process of training

» The process of trainee selection into surgical training will be enhanced with the aim of 

selecting those most suitable for training.

» The training programme will be truly competence based and will allow trainees to progress.

Current understanding of learning psychomotor skills and the impact on teaching laparoscopic surgical skills 

Trainees face many challenges in learning the skill set required to perform laparoscopic surgery.

The time spent in the operating room has been detrimentally impacted upon since the implementation of the European Working Time Directive. In order to address the deficit, surgical educators have looked to the benefits enjoyed in the aviation and sports industries in using simulation training.  To summarise the current understanding of the neuropsychological basis of learning a psychomotor skill.

To summarise how this information can be used in teaching and assessment of laparoscopic skills.The use of virtual reality simulators may be able to form a part of the aptitude assessment in the selection process, in order to identify trainees with the desired attributes to progress into the training programmes. However, as skill improves with practice, is it ethical to exclude novices with poor initial performance assessment before allowing them the opportunities to improve. Trainees face many challenges in their attempts to learn the skill set required to perform laparoscopic surgery. The learning curve is steep, the skills required are complex and trainees are faced with challenges of depth perception, visuospatial awareness, lack of direct feedback from tissues and the fulcrum effect of the instruments.Teaching laparoscopic surgery.

Psychomotor learning, development of organized patterns of muscular activities guided by signals from the environment. Behavioral examples include driving a car and eye-hand coordination tasks such as sewing, throwing a ball, typing, operating a lathe, and playing a trombone.Psychomotor ability refers to a wide range of actions involving physical movement related to conscious cognitive processing. Psychomotor ability may be measured by accuracy or speed (reaction time). ... The task is repeated with the non-dominant hand and assesses motor speed, manual dexterity and lateralisation."Psychomotor development is of paramount importance in preventing problems of learning and re- education of tone, posture, directional age, laterality and rhythm." The education offered to a human being is to show the relationship through the movement of your own body, taking into account their age, body culture  According to Watson, psychomotor skills are acquired through a three stage process: (1) early cognitive - usually of short duration and in- cludes attention, observation, and thought about how and why the skill is performed, (2) lengthy practice or fixation - includes practice sessions aimed at shaping correct.

Surgical management of diseases is recognised as a major unmet need in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Laparoscopic surgery has been present since the 1980s and offers the benefit of minimising the morbidity and potential mortality associated with laparotomies. Laparotomies are often carried out in LMICs for diagnosis and management, due to lack of radiological investigative and intervention options. The use of laparoscopy for diagnosis and treatment is globally variable, with high-income countries using laparoscopy routinely compared with LMICs. The specific advantages of minimally invasive surgery such as lower surgical site infections and earlier return to work are of great benefit for patients in LMICs, as time lost not working could result in a family not being able to sustain themselves. Laparoscopic surgery and training is not cheap. Cost is a major barrier to healthcare access for a significant population in LMICs. Therefore, cost is usually seen as a major barrier for laparoscopic surgery to be integrated into routine practice in LMICs. The aim of this review is to focus on the practice, training and safety of laparoscopic surgery in LMICs. In addition it highlights the barriers to progress in adopting laparoscopic surgery in LMICs and how to address them.

I am individually working on this project no team members.